Adenosine 5’ triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule central to life for its role as the cellular energy currency, and a purine nucleotide which serves as a building block of RNA. Thus, on the backdrop of an indispensible ...

DNA repair processes are crucial for mutation avoidance and the maintenance of genetic integrity in all organisms. Organisms rely on repair processes to combat genotoxic stress imposed by hostile host environment, and ...

Viruses are submicroscopic obligate parasites and depend on the host cell for their growth and reproduction. Plants are infected by diverse group of viruses that mostly possess RNA as their genome. As exception, viruses ...

Placenta is a transient association of the fetal and maternal tissues, that develops during pregnancy, in most viviparous animals. The evolution of placenta ensured the development of the fetus inside the womb of the mother, ...

Molecular chaperones have emerged in recent years as major players in many aspects of cell biology. Molecular chaperones are also known as heat shock proteins (HSPs) since many were originally discovered due to their increased ...

How multicellular organisms develop from a single-celled fertilized egg or zygote that in no way resembles the adult form is one of the major challenges in biology The phase of rapid cell division that follows fertilization ...

Glycodelin is a 162 amino acid secreted glycoprotein classified as a member of the lipocalin (carriers of small hydrophobic molecules) superfamily based on the presence of lipocalin signature motifs in its primary sequence. ...

The ability of our immune system to mount a response against non-self-antigens legitimates the semi-allogenic fetus as a target for maternal immune attack. Yet, in a normal pregnancy the fetus stays well protected due to ...