Design and Development of Biomimetic Sensor Technologies for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants

Abstract

Sensors play a crucial role in addressing the need for the detection of antibiotics as emerging contaminants in water. The widespread use of pharmaceuticals/antibiotics in various sectors, including healthcare and agriculture, has led to their increased presence in water sources, posing a potential threat to both human health and the environment. Antibiotics in water can cause the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a significant public health concern. Chemical/biosensors offer a rapid and sensitive means of detecting trace levels of antibiotics in water, enabling early identification of contamination. This early detection is essential for implementing timely mitigation strategies and preventing the further spread of antibiotic residues. Moreover, chemical/biosensors provide a cost-effective solution compared to traditional laboratory methods. Their ability to operate in real-time enhances the capability to assess the dynamic nature of antibiotic contamination. As of the present date, a multitude of sensing systems and methodologies have been devised. However, the widespread commercialization and large scale deployment of these sensors are impeded by their constrained sensitivity, selectivity, and environmental stability. The thesis, titled “Design and Development of Biomimetic Sensor Technologies for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants" seeks to address some pharmaceuticals that are emerging pollutants and metal ions in aqueous streams by proposing solutions to enhance the sensor characteristics through chemical/biosensors. Through systematic investigation and development, this research aims to contribute advancements that will facilitate the practical application and broader implementation of sensing technologies in environmental monitoring and the healthcare sector. Within the framework of this thesis, there is an in-depth exploration of the design and development of innovative sensing materials and analytical methods, with a particular focus on addressing emerging contaminants/pharmaceuticals and metal ions. The research employs biomimicking techniques to achieve the objectives. A systematic approach was adopted, commencing with the identification of the analyte and extending to the thorough evaluation of sensor parameters. Tetracyclines were selected as the primary analyte of interest due to their extensive usage against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, ranking as the second most widely used antibiotics globally, following penicillin. Dopamine emerged as a secondary analyte of interest, chosen for its relevance, as its concentration significantly impacts individual health. Additionally, tryptophan, an essential amino acid, levothyroxine provided as a supplement for thyroid deficiency, sodium ions indicative of hydration status through sweat analysis, and magnesium ions were chosen as analytes for comprehensive investigation within the thesis. This selection reflects a deliberate and diverse approach aimed at addressing various aspects relevant to environmental and human health.