| dc.description.abstract | The thesis entitled “Regioselective Functionalization of Indoles using Directing Group Strategy: An Efficient Transition Metal Catalysis” is divided into two sections. Section A, which is presented in three chapters, describes the regioselective alkenylation of indoles using directing group strategy. Whereas, Section B, which is divided in to two chapters, narrates the synthesis of 4-amino indoles using directing group strategy and site selective addition of maleimide to indole at C2-position.
Section A
Chapter 1. C2-Alkenylation of indoles
The indole ring system is one of the most abundant heterocycles present in nature. The synthesis and functionalization of indoles is one of the major areas of focus for synthetic organic chemists.1 Alkenylation of indole at C2-position is a challenging task due to the electrophilic nature of the reaction. For this reason, the functionalization of indole at C2-position is less addressed. In this chapter, a highly regioselective alkenylation of indole at the C2-position has been described by using the Ru(II) catalyst and employing a directing group (DG) strategy.2 This directing group strategy offers rare selectivity for the alkenylation of N-benzoylindole at the C2-position in the presence of the more reactive C3-position. A variety of N-benzoylindole derivatives are shown to undergo alkenylation at C2-positon. Deprotection of the benzoyl group has also been demonstrated, and the resulting products serve as a useful synthon for synthesizing a variety of natural products. A few representative examples are highlighted in Scheme 1.3
1 (a) Cacchi, S.; Fabrizi, G. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2873.
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2 (a) Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147.
(b) Engle, K. M.; Mei, T.-S.; Wasa, M.; J.-Q. Yu, Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 788.
(c) Neufeldt, S. R.; Sanford, M. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 936.
(d) Arockiam, P. B.; Bruneau, C.; Dixneuf, P. H. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 5879.
3 Lanke, V.; Prabhu, K. R. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 2818.
Scheme 1: C2- Alkenylation of indoles
Chapter 2 describes a highly regioselective alkenylation of indoles at the C4-position by employing aldehyde functional group as a directing group, and Ru as a catalyst, under a mild reaction conditions. This approach leads to a short synthetic route for C4-alkenylated indoles, which serve as precursors for ergot alkaloids and related heterocyclic compounds.4 Further The potential of the present strategy has been demonstrated by performing (i) scale up reaction, (ii) selective reduction of olefin double bond and (iii) synthesizing substituted 1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[cd] in two steps with an overall yield of 68%. 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydrobenzo[cd] is one of the key intermediates for synthesizing ergot alkaloids. A few examples are highlighted in Scheme 2.5
4 (a) Horwell, D. C. Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 3123.
(b) Kozikowski, A. P.; Ishida, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 4265.
(c) Oppolzer, W.; Grayson, J. I.; Wegmann, H.; Urrea, M. Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 3695.
(d) Hatanaka, N.; Ozaki, O.; Matsumoto, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 3169.
(e) Horwell, D. C.; Verge, J. P. Phytochemistry 1979, 18, 519.
5 anke, V.; Prabhu, K. R. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 6262.
Scheme 2: C4- Alkenylation of indoles
Chapter 3 of Section A, presents a novel mode of selective alkenylation of indoles using Ru and Rh catalyst. In these alkenylation reactions, selectivity between C2- and C4-positions of indole framework has been achieved by altering the property of directing group. Methyl ketone, as directing group, furnishes exclusively C2-alkenylated product, whereas trifluoromethyl ketone as a directing group changes the selectivity to C4, indicating that electronic nature of the directing group controls the choice between a 5-membered and 6-membered metallacycle. Developing such divergent and selective C-H functionalizations, between C2- and C4-positions, on the indole framework can lead to easy and short synthetic routes for natural, unnatural and biologically-active compounds.6 Further screening of other carbonyl derived directing groups revealed that strong and weak directing groups exhibit opposite selectivity. Experimental
6 (a) Bronner, S. M.; Goetz, A. E.; Garg, N. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3832.
(b) Nathel, N. F. F.; Shah, T. K.; Bronner, S. M.; Garg, N. K. Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 2184.
(c) A Beilstein/Crossfire search shows that more than 600 C4- substituted indole-containing natural products exist and nearly 10,000 bioactive C4-substituted indoles have been reported. controls, deuteration experiments and preliminary DFT calculations lend support to the proposed mechanism. A few representative examples are highlighted in Scheme 3.7
Scheme 3: C4- vs C2-Alkenylation of ndoles
Deuterium Labeling studies were carried out to shed light on the site of metallacycle formation and hence the origin of selectivity. Both COCF3 and COCH3 substrates were independently subjected to both standard conditions A and B, along with either D2O or AcOD as deuterium sources (Scheme 4).
7 Lanke, V.; Bettadapur, K. R.; Prabhu, K. R. Manuscript submitted.
Scheme 4: Deuterium labeling studies
The Section B is divided into 2 chapters.
Chapter 1 presents a method for synthesizing of 3-(indol-2-yl) succinimide derivatives by using a directing group strategy. Selective functionalization at C2-position of indole in the presence of highly reactive C3-position has been achieved. A conjugate addition, instead of Heck-type reaction, has been achieved by careful selection of the alkene partner (maleimides and maleate esters). This selectivity has been achieved by avoiding β-hydride elimination. Succinimide derivatives are structural motifs that are found in many natural products and drug molecules. Moreover, succinimides can be easily reduced into 5-membered pyrrolidine rings, γ-lactams and lactims, which are part of structural scaffolds of useful natural products.8 Further the application of the protocol has been showcased by performing reduction to obtain pyrrolidine and 1,4 diols. A few representative examples are highlighted in Scheme5.9 8 (a)Crider, A. M.; Kolczynski, T. M.; Yates, K. M. J. Med. Chem. 1980, 23, 324.
(b) Isaka, M.; Rugseree, N.; Maithip, P.; Kongsaeree, P.; Prabpai, S.; Thebtaranonth, Y. Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 5577.
(c) Uddin, J.; Ueda, K.; Siwu, E. R. O.; Kita, M.; Uemura, D. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 6954. (d) Hubert, J. C.; Wijnberg, J. B. P. A.; Speckamp, W. N. Tetrahedron 1975, 31, 1437.
(e) Wijnberg, J. B. P. A.; Schoemaker, H. E.; Speckamp, W. N. Tetrahedron 1978, 34, 179.
9 Lanke, V.; Bettadapur, K. R.; Prabhu, K. R. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 4662.
Scheme 5: Addition of Maleimide to Indole at C2-position
Chapter 2 describes a highly regioselective amidation of unprotected indoles at the C4-position by employing aldehyde functional group as a directing group. This reaction has been performed using Ir(III) catalyst, under mild reaction conditions. Thus, an efficient, simple, short synthetic route for C4-amido indoles has been achieved. C4-Amido indoles are privileged molecules, which serve as precursors for indolactum V,10 teleocidin and related heterocyclic compounds.11 To the best our knowledge, this is the first report of using aldehyde as a directing group for amidation reactions. The potential of the present strategy has been demonstrated by performing scaling up reaction, and deprotection of tosyl group to obtain corresponding amines. A few representative examples are highlighted in Scheme 6.12
10 Garg, N. K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3832
11 Kehler, J. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 5823
12 Lanke, V.; Prabhu, K. R. (Manuscript submitted).
Scheme 6: C4- amidation of indoles 7 | en_US |
