Exploration of Oxides and Polyanionic Cathodes for Zn-ion and Zn-air Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) rule the modern consumer electronics and electric vehicle sectors. However, their high production costs, safety risks from flammable electrolytes, and paucity of lithium resources have spurred research into alternative systems. Promising options include monovalent (Na+, K+-ion) non-aqueous batteries and multivalent aqueous batteries leveraging abundant metals like magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and zinc (Zn2+). Aqueous multivalent batteries benefit from their low cost, operational safety, high ionic conductivity, and robust electrochemical performance.