| dc.description.abstract | In the field of ergonomics, biomechanics, sports and rehabilitation muscle fatigue is regarded as an important aspect since muscle fatigue is considered to be one of the main reasons for musculoskeletal disorders. Classical signal processing techniques used to understand muscle behavior are mainly based on spectral based parameters estimation, and mostly applied during static contraction and the signal must be stationary within the analysis window; otherwise, the resulting spectrum will make little physical sense. Furthermore, the shape and size of the analysis window also directly affect the spectral estimation. But fatigue analysis in dynamic conditions is of utmost requirement because of its daily life applicability. It is really difficult to consistently find the muscle fatigue during dynamic contraction due to the inherent non-stationary nature and associated noise in the signal along with complex physiological changes in muscles. Nowadays, in addition to linear signal processing, different non-linear signal processing techniques are adopted to find out the consistent and robust indicator for muscle fatigue under dynamic condition considering the high degree of non-linearity (caused by functional interference between different muscles, changes of signal sources and paths to recording electrodes, variable electrode interface etc.) in the signal. In this work, various linear and nonlinear-non-stationary signal processing methods, applied on surface EMG signal for muscular fatigue analysis under dynamic contraction are studied. In present study, surface EMG (sEMG) signals are recorded from Biceps Brachii muscles from eight (N=8) physically active college students during dynamic lifting 7 kg load at the rate of 20 lifts/min till they become fatigue. EMG data is processed in two ways -1. taking the whole EMG response and 2. breaking into three ranges of contraction (0-45)o, (45-90)o and >90o, to study better response region. It is observed that in spectral estimation techniques auto-regressive (AR) based spectral estimation technique gives better frequency resolution than periodogram for small epochs, as AR is based on parametric estimation. Both the previous methods provide only the frequency information in the signal. In order to estimate the time varying nature of frequency content in a signal various time-frequency signal processing techniques are used like – Short Time-Fourier Transform (STFT), Smoothed pseudo
Wigner-Ville (SPWD), Choi-William distribution (CWD), Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), Huang-Hilbert Transform (HHT) and Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) are used. The last two techniques are used by considering the EMG signal as non-linear and non-stationary signals. Among these techniques, STFT is the simplest time-frequency analysis technique. But tradeoff between time and frequency resolution is the major constraint in STFT, therefore, a window length of 256 samples are considered in this study. In order to tackle time-frequency resolution problem different Cohen-class distribution techniques are used like SPWD and CWD, where the result is severely affected by the presence of interference terms which make its interpretation really difficult. Different adaptive filters are used in SPWD and CWD to suppress these interference terms during analysis. Among these time-frequency analysis techniques continuous wavelet transform provides the most accurate results in comparison to other time-frequency analysis techniques. Similar result is obtained in present study. This fatigue response is further improved using non-linear and non-stationary techniques like HHT and RQA. HHT shows less variation in frequency response than CWT analysis result. Percentage of determinism calculated using recurrence quantification analysis method is found to be more sensitive than mean frequency estimation. Therefore, non-linear and non-stationary signal processing techniques are to be better indicator of muscle fatigue during dynamic contraction. | en_US |
