Bacteria employ survival strategies to protect themselves against foreign invaders, including bacteriophages. The ‘immune system’ of bacteria relies mostly on restriction-modification (R-M) systems. The primary role of R-M ...

The first chapter will provide an introduction to the physiology, pathogenesis and biology of mycobacteria. Host-pathogen interactions, different modes of resistance of the bacteria, adaptations for survival under nutrient ...

Oxidative stress is a universal phenomenon experienced by both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during the stress, which can damage most cellular components including proteins, ...