| dc.description.abstract | Photonics and Optical techniques have advanced recently by a great extend to play an important role in Microwave and Radar applications. Antenna array of modern active phased array radars consist of multiple low power transmit and receive mod- ules. This demands distribution of the various Local Oscillator(LO) signals for up conversion of transmit signals and down conversion of receive signals during various modes of operation of a radar system. Additionally, these receivers require control and clock signals which are digital and low frequency analog, for the synchronization between receive modules.
This is normally achieved through RF cables with complex distribution networks which add significantly higher additional weight to the arrays. During radar operations, radio frequency (RF) transmit signal needs to be distributed through the same modules which will in turn get distributed to all antenna elements of the array using RF cables. This makes the system bulky and these large number of cables are prone to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and need additional shielding. Therefore it is very desirable to distribute a combination of these RF, analog and digital signals using a distribution network that is less complex, light in weight and immune to EMI.
Advancements in Optical and Microwave photonics area have enabled carrying of higher datarate signals on a single fiber due to its higher bandwidth capability including RF signals. This is achieved by employing Wavelength Division Multi- plexing (WDM) that combine high speed channels at different wavelengths. This work proposes, characterizes and evaluates an optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed(WDM) distribution network that will overcome the above mentioned problems in a phased array radar application. The work carries out a feasibility analysis supported with experimental measurements of various physical parameters like am- plitude, delay, frequency and phase variation for various radar waveforms over WDM links.
Different configurations of optical distribution network are analyzed for multipoint distribution of both digital and RF signals. These network configurations are modeled and evaluated against various parameters that include power level, loss, cost and component count. A configuration which optimizes these parameters based on the application requirements is investigated. Considerable attention is paid to choose a configuration which does not provide excess loss, which is economically viable, compact and can be realized with minimum component count.
After analysing the link configuration, multiplexing density of the WDM link is considered. In this work, since the number of signals to be distributed in radar systems are small, a coarse WDM(CWDM) scheme is considered for evaluation. A comparative study is also performed between coarse and dense WDM (DWDM) links for selection of a suitable multiplexing scheme. These configurations are modeled and evaluated with power budgeting. Even though CWDM scheme does not permit the utilisation of the available bandwidth to the fullest extent, these links have the advantage of having less hardware complexity and easiness of implementation.
As the application requires signal distribution to thousands of transmit-receive modules, amplifiers are necessary to compensate for the reduction of signal level due to the high splitting ratio. Introduction of commonly available optical amplifiers like Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), affect the CWDM channel output powers adversely due to their non-flat gain spectrum. Unlike DWDM systems, the channel separation of CWDM systems are much larger causing significantly high channel gain differences at the EDFA output. So an analysis is carried out for the selection of a suitable wavelength for CWDM channels to minimize the EDFA output power variation. If the gain difference is still significant, separate techniques needs to be implemented to flatten the output power at the antenna end. A CWDM configuration using C-band and L-band EDFAs is proposed and is supported with a feasibility analysis.
As a part of evaluation of these links for radar applications, a mathematical model of the WDM link is developed by considering both the RF and digital sig- nals. A generic CWDM system consisting of transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, multiplexers/ demultiplexers and detectors are considered for the modeling. For RF signal transmission, the transmitters with external modulators are considered. Mod- eling is done based on a bottom-top approach where individual component models are initially modeled as a function of input current/power and later cascaded to obtain the link model. These models are then extended to obtain the wavelength dependent model ( spectral response) of the hybrid signal distribution link
Further mathematical analysis of the developed link model revealed its variable separable nature in terms of the input power and wavelength. This led to significant reduction in the link equation complexity and development of some approximation techniques to easily represent the link behavior. The reduced form of the link spectral model was very essential as the initially developed wavelength model had a lot
of parametric dependency on the component models. This mathematical reduction
process led to simplification of the spectral model into a product of two independent
functions, the input current and wavelength. It is also noticed that the total link
power within specific wavelength range can be obtained by the integrating these
functions over a specific link input power.
After the mathematical modelling, an experimental prototype physical link is
set up and characterized using various radar signals like continuous wave (CW) RF,
pulsed RF, non linear frequency modulated signal (NLFM) etc. Additionally a proof
of concept Radio-Over-Fiber (RoF) link is established to prove the superior transmission
of microwave signal through an optical link. The analysis is supported with
measurements on amplitude, delay, frequency and phase variations. The NLFM
waveforms transmissions are further analysed using a matched _ltering process to
confirm the side lobe requirement. Further a prototype WDM link is built to study
the performance when digitally modulated channels are also multiplexed into the
link. The link is again validated for signal levels, delay, frequency and phase parameters.
Since amplitude and delay are deterministic, it is proposed that these parameter variations can be compensated by using suitable components either in the electrical or the optical domain.
Radar systems use low frequency digital signals of different duty-cycles for synchronization and control across various transmit-receive modules. In the proposed
link, these digital signals also modulate a WDM channel and hence the link is called
a hybrid system. As the proposed link has EDFA to compensate for the splitting
losses, there are chances of transient effects at the EDFA output for these low bitrate channels. Owing to the long carrier lifetime, low bitrate digital channels are prone
to EDFA transient effects under specific signal and pump power conditions. Additionally, the synchronization signals used in radar application vary the duty-cycle
over time, which is found to introduce variations in transient output. This practical challenge is further studied and the thesis for the first time, includes an analysis of EDFA transient e_ects for variable duty-cycle pulsed signals. The analysis is carried out for various parameters like bitrate, input power, pump power and duty-cycle.
Investigations on EDFA transients on variable duty-cycle signals help in proposing
a viable method to predict the lower duty-cycle transients from higher duty-cycle
transients. The predicted transients were again validated against simulated transients
and experimental results. As these transient effects are not desirable for radar
signals, we propose a novel transient suppression techniques in optical and electrical domain which are validated with simulation and experimental measures.
One suppression technique tries to avoid transient effect by keeping the optical input to EDFA always constant by feeding an inverted version of the original pulse into the EDFA along with the actual pulse. It is observed that as the wavelength of the
inverted pulse is closer to the original input pulse, the transient effect settles faster.
These EDFA transients are evaluated with WDM link configurations, where both
high and low bitrate signals are co-propagated.
Another challenging aspect of the link operation is the non-at gain spectrum
of EDFA. i.e., EDFA provides unequal power level for various signals at WDM
link output. This is especially true in the case of local oscillator signals, where
it is preferable to have the same amplitude signals before feeding it to the mixer
stages. But in the radar applications, this will require additional hardware circuits
to equalize the signal level within a phased array antenna. This work also proposes
some of the power equalization methods that can be used along with the WDM links.
This part of the work is also supported with simulation model and experimental
results.
The analytical and experimental study of this thesis aids the evaluation process
of a suitable optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed(WDM) distribution network
that can be used for the distribution of both RF and digital signals. The optical
WDM links being superior with its light weight, less loss and EMI/ EMC immunity
provides a better solution to future class of radars. | en_US |
