Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology stands at the forefront of renewable energy solutions, driven by the urgent need to mitigate climate change and secure sustainable energy sources. As the demand for cleaner energy ...

Integration of germanium (Ge) on low cost substrates such as silicon and steel open several applications such as low cost III-V photovoltaics, beyond silicon CMOS and optoelectronics applications. However, growth of germanium ...

Several oxides are non-toxic, stable, and can be deposited using inexpensive techniques on a variety of substrates. There is a compelling case for use of oxide in photovoltaics, referred to as “all-oxide photovoltaics”. ...